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teaching:mfe:is [2016/02/16 10:26] svsummer [Engineering a runtime system and compiler for AQL] |
teaching:mfe:is [2016/04/13 17:25] msakr [Assessing existing communication protocols in the context of DAAS] |
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| - | ====== MFE 2015-2016 : Web and Information Systems ====== | + | ====== MFE 2016-2017 : Web and Information Systems ====== |
| ===== Introduction ===== | ===== Introduction ===== | ||
| Line 25: | Line 25: | ||
| * Contact : [[ezimanyi@ulb.ac.be|Esteban Zimanyi]] | * Contact : [[ezimanyi@ulb.ac.be|Esteban Zimanyi]] | ||
| + | ===== Complex Event Processing in Apache Spark and Apache Storm ===== | ||
| - | ===== Graph Indexing for Fast Subgraph Isomorphism Testing ===== | + | The master thesis is put forward in the context of the SPICES "Scalable Processing and mIning of Complex Events for Security-analytics" research project, funded by Innoviris. |
| - | There is an increasing amount of scientific data, mostly from the bio-medical sciences, that can be represented as collections of graphs (chemical molecules, gene interaction networks, ...). A crucial operation when searching in this data is that of subgraph isomorphism testing: given a pattern P that one is interested in (also a graph) in and a collection D of graphs (e.g., chemical molecules), find all graphs in G that have P as a subgraph. Unfortunately, the subgraph isomorphism problem is computationally intractable. In ongoing research, to enable tractable processing of this problem, we aim to reduce the number of candidate graphs in D to which a subgraph isomorphism test needs to be executed. Specifically, we index the graphs in the collection D by means of decomposing them into graphs for which subgraph isomorphism *is* tractable. An associated algorithm that filters graphs that certainly cannot match P can then formulated based on ideas from information retrieval. | + | Within this project, our lab is developping a declarative language for Complex Event Processing (CEP for short). The goal in Complex Event Processing is to derive pre-defined patterns in a stream of raw events. Raw events are typically sensor readings (such as "password incorrect for user X trying to log in on machine Y" or "file transfer from machine X to machine Y"). The goal of CEP is then to correlate these events into complex events. For example, repeated failed login attempts by X to Y should trigger a complex event "password cracking warning" that refers to all failed login attempts. |
| - | In this master thesis project, the student will emperically validate on real-world datasets the extent to which graphs can be decomposed into graphs for which subgraph isomorphism is tractable, and run experiments to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of filtering power. | + | The objective of this master thesis is to build an interpreter/compiler for this declarative CEP language that targets the distributed computing frameworks Apache Spark and/or Apache Storm as backends. Getting aquaintend with these technologies is part of the master thesis objective. |
| - | **Interested?** Contact : [[stijn.vansummeren@ulb.ac.be|Stijn Vansummeren]] | + | **Validation of the approach** Validation of the proposed interpreter/compiler should be done on two levels: |
| + | * a theoretical level; by comparing the generated Spark/Storm processors to a processor based on "Incremental computation" that is being developped at the lab | ||
| + | * an experimental level; by proposing a benchmark collection of CEP queries that can be used to test the obtained interpreter/compiler, and report on the experimentally observed performance on this benchmark. | ||
| - | **Status**: available | + | **Deliverables** of the master thesis project |
| + | * An overview of the processing models of Spark and Storm | ||
| + | * A definition of the declarative CEP language under consideration | ||
| + | * A description of the interpretation/compilation algorithm | ||
| + | * A theoretical comparison of this algorithm wrt an incremental evaluation algorithm. | ||
| + | * The interpreter/compiler itself (software artifact) | ||
| + | * A benchmark set of CEP queries and associated data sets for the experimental validation | ||
| + | * An experimental validation of the compiler, and analysis of the results. | ||
| - | + | **Interested?** | |
| - | ===== Complex Event Processing for Security Analytics===== | + | * Contact : [[stijn.vansummeren@ulb.ac.be|Stijn Vansummeren]] |
| - | + | ||
| - | As noted by [[http://home.deib.polimi.it/cugola/Papers/cep_survey.pdf|Cugola and Magara]], "an increasing number of distributed applications requires processing continuously flowing data ("events") from geographically distributed sources at unpredictable rates to obtain timely responses to complex queries. Examples of such applications come from the most disparate fields: from fraud detection to network intrusion detection systems, from wireless sensor networks to financial tickers, from traffic management to click-stream inspection." | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | These requirements have led to the development of a number of systems specifically designed to process information as a flow (or a set of flows) of continues data "events" according to a set of pre-deployed processing rules. Despite having a common goal, these systems differ in a wide range of aspects, including architecture, data models, rule and pattern languages, and processing mechanisms. In part, this is due to the fact that they were the result of the research efforts of different communities, each one bringing its own view of the problem and its background to the definition of a solution. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | The master thesis is put forward in the context of the SPICES "Scalable Processing and mIning of Complex Events for Security-analytics" research project, funded by Innoviris. | + | |
| - | The objective of this master thesis is to survey the existing systems and compare the strengths and weaknesses when they are applied specifically to the context detecting security breaches (network intrusion, fraud detection, ...), and help, as part of the research project, in the design & implementation of a new system that overcomes these weaknesses. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | **Interested?** Contact : [[stijn.vansummeren@ulb.ac.be|Stijn Vansummeren]] | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | **Status**: already taken. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | + | ||
| - | ===== Compiling SPARQL queries into machine code ===== | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | Due to the increasing availability of larger and larger cheap RAM memories, the working set of modern database management systems becomes more and more main memory resident. This implies that, in contrast to traditional database management systems, slow disk accesses are rare, and that hence, the in-memory processing speed of databases becomes an important factor. As recently observed by a number of researchers, (e.g., [[http://sites.computer.org/debull/A14mar/p3.pdf|Neumann and Leis]]), one very attractive approach for fast query processing in this context is the just-in-time compilation of incoming queries into machine code. This compilation avoids the overhead of the traditional interpretation of query plans, and can aid in minimzing memory traffic for boosting performance. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | A number of recent research prototypes exist that compile SQL queries into machine code in this sense: HyPer A Hybrid OLTP&OLAP High Performance DBMS (http://hyper-db.de/) and Legobase (https://github.com/epfldata/NewLegoBase and http://data.epfl.ch/legobase). | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | The objective of this master thesis is to apply the same methodology to engineer a compiler that translates (fragments of) SPARQL (the standard query language for querying RDF data on the semantic web) into machine code. The overall methodology should follow the methodology used by HyPer and Legobase: | + | |
| - | * Use of a high-level language to construct the compiler (Scala, http://scala-lang.org/) | + | |
| - | * Use of Latent Modular Staging (LMS for short) for generating low-level portable assembly code at runtime (http://scala-lms.github.io/) | + | |
| - | * Use of LLVM (http://llvm.org/) as a portable assembly code and corresponding translator to machine code. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | Getting aquaintend with these technologies is part of the master thesis objective. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | **Validation of the approach** The thesis should propose a benchmark collection of SPARQL queries that can be used to test the obtained SPARQL-to-machine-code compiler and compare its perforance against a reference, interpreter-based SPARQL compiler. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | **Deliverables** of the master thesis project: | + | |
| - | - An overview of the state of the art in query-to-machine-code compilation. | + | |
| - | - A description of latent modular staging and how it can be used to construct machine-code compilers. | + | |
| - | - The SPARQL compiler (software artifact) | + | |
| - | - A benchmark set of SPARQL queries and associated data sets for the experimental validation | + | |
| - | - An experimental validation of the compiler, comparing efficiency of compiled queries against a reference compiler based on query plan interpretation. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | + | ||
| - | **Interested?** Contact : [[stijn.vansummeren@ulb.ac.be|Stijn Vansummeren]] | + | |
| **Status**: available | **Status**: available | ||
| - | ===== An implementation of the SCULPT schema language for tabular data on the Web ===== | ||
| - | Despite the availability of numerous standardized formats for semi-structured and semantic web data such as XML, RDF, and JSON, a very large percentage of data and open data published on the web, remains tabular in nature. (Jeni Tennison, one of the two co-chairs of the W3C CSV on the Web working group claims that ``over 90% of the data published on data.gov.uk is tabular data''.) Tabular data is most commonly published in the form of comma separated values (CSV) files because such files are open and therefore processable by numerous tools, and tailored for all sizes of files ranging from a number of KBs to several TBs. Despite these advantages, working with CSV files is often cumbersome because they are typically not accompanied by a //schema// that describes the file's structure (i.e., ``the second column is of integer datatype'', ``columns are delimited by tabs'', etc) and captures its intended meaning. Such a description is nevertheless vital for any user trying to interpret the file and execute queries or make changes to it. | + | ===== Graph Indexing for Fast Subgraph Isomorphism Testing ===== |
| - | In other data models, the presence of a schema is also important for query optimization (required for scalable query execution if the file is large), as well as other static analysis tasks. Finally, schemas are a prerequisite for unlocking huge amounts of tabular data to the Semantic Web. | + | There is an increasing amount of scientific data, mostly from the bio-medical sciences, that can be represented as collections of graphs (chemical molecules, gene interaction networks, ...). A crucial operation when searching in this data is that of subgraph isomorphism testing: given a pattern P that one is interested in (also a graph) in and a collection D of graphs (e.g., chemical molecules), find all graphs in G that have P as a subgraph. Unfortunately, the subgraph isomorphism problem is computationally intractable. In ongoing research, to enable tractable processing of this problem, we aim to reduce the number of candidate graphs in D to which a subgraph isomorphism test needs to be executed. Specifically, we index the graphs in the collection D by means of decomposing them into graphs for which subgraph isomorphism *is* tractable. An associated algorithm that filters graphs that certainly cannot match P can then formulated based on ideas from information retrieval. |
| - | In recognition of this problem, the CSV on the Web Working Group of the World Wide Web Consortium argues for the introduction of a schema language for tabular data to ensure higher interoperability when working with datasets using the CSV or similar formats. | + | In this master thesis project, the student will emperically validate on real-world datasets the extent to which graphs can be decomposed into graphs for which subgraph isomorphism is tractable, and run experiments to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of filtering power. |
| - | + | ||
| - | The objective of this master thesis is to implement a recent proposal for such a schema language named SCULPT (http://arxiv.org/abs/1411.2351). Concretely, this entails: | + | |
| - | * proposing an elegant concrete syntax for SCULPT schemas | + | |
| - | * implement both the in-memory and streaming validation algorithms of SCULPT proposed in http://arxiv.org/abs/1411.2351 | + | |
| - | * extend the SCULPT proposal, by investigating how SCULPT can be combined with complementary features recently proposed by the W3C CSV on the Web Working group (http://www.w3.org/2013/csvw/wiki/Main_Page) | + | |
| - | * and in particular, extend sculpt with features that allow tabular files to be converted into RDF | + | |
| - | * create associated tooling for SCULPT (i.e., parser and serializer generator, in the spirit of data description tools) | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | \\ | + | |
| - | **Deliverables** of this master thesis project: | + | |
| - | - detailed description of the SCULPT proposal (document) | + | |
| - | - overview of the state of the art; in particular other proposals for schema languages for tabular data (document) | + | |
| - | - concrete syntax for sculpt (design document + formal grammar) | + | |
| - | - implementation of SCULPT validation algorithms (software artifact) | + | |
| - | - extension of sculpt with features for converting into RDF (document + software) | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | + | ||
| - | **Interested?** Contact: [[stijn.vansummeren@ulb.ac.be|Stijn Vansummeren]] | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | **Status**: already taken | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | ===== Engineering a runtime system and compiler for AQL ===== | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | Automatically extracting structured information from text is a task that has been pursued for decades.Since most analytics over text involves information extraction as a first step, IE is a very important part of data analysis in the enterprise today. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | In 2005, researchers at the IBM Almaden Research Center developped a new system specifically geared for practical information extraction in the enterprise. This effort lead to SystemT, a rule-based IE system with an SQL-like declarative language named AQL (Annotation Query Language). The declarative nature of AQL enables new kinds of tools for extractor development, and draws upon known techniques form query processing in relational database management systems to offer a cost-based optimizer that ensures high-througput performance. Recent research into the foundations of AQL (http://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/files/us-fagin/jacm15.pdf) has shown that, as an alternative, it is also possible to build a runtime system for AQL based on special kinds of finite state automata. A potential benefit of this alternate runtime system is that text files need only be processed once (instead of multiple times in the cost-based optimizer backend) and may hence provide greater throughput. On the other hand, the alternate system can sometimes have larger memory requirements than the cost-based optimizer backend. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | The objective of this master thesis is to design and engineer a runtime system and compiler for (a fragment) of AQL based on finite state automata. Ideally, to obtain the best performance, these automata should be compiled into machine-code when executed. For this compilation, the following technologies should be used: | + | |
| - | * A a high-level language to construct the compiler (Scala, http://scala-lang.org/) | + | |
| - | * Use of Lightweight Modular Staging (LMS for short) for generating low-level portable assembly from the automata at runtime (http://scala-lms.github.io/) | + | |
| - | * Use of LLVM (http://llvm.org/) as a portable assembly code and corresponding translator to machine code. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | Getting aquaintend with these technologies is part of the master thesis objective. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | **Validation of the approach** The thesis should propose a benchmark collection of AQL queries and associated input text files that can be used to test the obtained automaton-based AQL compiler and compare its performance against the reference, cost-based optimizer of SystemT. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | **Deliverables** of the master thesis project: | + | |
| - | - An overview of AQL, SystemT, and its cost-based optimizer and evaluation engine. (document) | + | |
| - | - A description of how AQL can be evaluated by means of so-called vset finite state automata. (document) | + | |
| - | - A detailed desription of the state of the art in evaluating finite state automata. (document) | + | |
| - | - Identification of the AQL syntaxt that is to be supported. (specification) | + | |
| - | - The AQL compiler (software artifact) | + | |
| - | - A benchmark set of AQL queries and associated data sets for the experimental validation | + | |
| - | - An experimental validation of the compiler, comparing efficiency of compiled queries against the cost-based reference compiler. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | \\ | + | |
| - | **References about SystemT**: | + | |
| - | * [[http://almaden.ibm.com/cs/projects/avatar/icde2008.pdf|An Algebraic Approach to Rule-Based Information Extraction]] | + | |
| - | * [[http://www.sigmod.org/publications/sigmod-record/0812/p007.special.krishnamurthy.pdf|SystemT: A System for Declarative Information Extraction]] | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | \\ | + | |
| - | **References about finite state automata evaluation**: | + | |
| - | * Regular expression pattern matching can be simple and fast. http://swtch.com/~rsc/regexp/regexp1.html | + | |
| - | * Regular Expression Matching: the Virtual Machine Approach http://swtch.com/~rsc/regexp/regexp2.html | + | |
| - | * Regular Expression Matching in the Wild http://swtch.com/~rsc/regexp/regexp3.html | + | |
| - | * [[http://www.diku.dk/kmc/documents/AiPL-CrashCourse.pdf|A Crash-Course in Regular Expression Parsing and Regular Expressions as Types.]] | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | \\ | + | |
| - | **Interested?** Contact : [[stijn.vansummeren@ulb.ac.be|Stijn Vansummeren]] | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | \\ | + | |
| - | **Status**: taken | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | + | ||
| - | ===== Structural compression of relational databases ===== | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | Recent research in database management systems at ULB has shown how to theoretically construct succinct (compressed) representations for relational databases and semantic web databases. The advantage of these succinct representations is that they allow querying directly **on the succinct representation**, without needing to consult the underlying database. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | The goal of this thesis is to study scalable algorithms for constructing the actual succinct representations. Some in-memory algorithms are already known, but given the large size of typical database, distributed and out-of-core alternatives need to be found. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | **Deliverables**: | + | |
| - | * Overview of the state of the art in main-memory, and distributed (bi)simulation-based compression algorithms (document) | + | |
| - | * Description of the simulation-based compression algorithm to implement (document) | + | |
| - | * Selection of the distribution framework (Actors, Pregel, ...) (document) | + | |
| - | * Simulation algorithm (software artifact) | + | |
| - | * Experimental analysis of distributed algorithm on a number of datasets. (document) | + | |
| **Interested?** Contact : [[stijn.vansummeren@ulb.ac.be|Stijn Vansummeren]] | **Interested?** Contact : [[stijn.vansummeren@ulb.ac.be|Stijn Vansummeren]] | ||
| Line 170: | Line 66: | ||
| Datalog is a fundamental query language in datamanagement based on logic programming. It essentially extends select-from-where SQL queries with recursion. There is a recent trend in data management research to use datalog to specify distributed applications, most notably on the web, as well as do inference on the semantic web. The goal of this thesis is to engineer a basic **distributed datalog system**, i.e., a system that is capable of compiling & running distributed datalog queries. The system should be implemented in the Scala programming language. Learning Scala is part of the master thesis project. | Datalog is a fundamental query language in datamanagement based on logic programming. It essentially extends select-from-where SQL queries with recursion. There is a recent trend in data management research to use datalog to specify distributed applications, most notably on the web, as well as do inference on the semantic web. The goal of this thesis is to engineer a basic **distributed datalog system**, i.e., a system that is capable of compiling & running distributed datalog queries. The system should be implemented in the Scala programming language. Learning Scala is part of the master thesis project. | ||
| - | The system should incorporate recently proposed worst-case join algorithms (i.e., the [[http://arxiv.org/abs/1210.0481|leapfrog trie join]]) and employ known local datalog optimizations (such as magic sets and QSQ.) | + | The system should: |
| + | * incorporate recently proposed worst-case join algorithms (i.e., the [[http://arxiv.org/abs/1210.0481|leapfrog trie join]]) | ||
| + | * employ known local datalog optimizations (such as magic sets and QSQ) | ||
| **Validation of the approach** The thesis should propose a benchmark collection of datalog queries and associated data workloads that be used to test the obtained system, and measure key performance characteristics (elasticity of the system; memory frootprint; overall running time, ...) | **Validation of the approach** The thesis should propose a benchmark collection of datalog queries and associated data workloads that be used to test the obtained system, and measure key performance characteristics (elasticity of the system; memory frootprint; overall running time, ...) | ||
| + | **Required reading**: | ||
| + | * Datalog and Recursive Query Processing - Foundations and trends in query processing. | ||
| + | * LogicBlox, Platform and Language: A Tutorial (Todd J. Green, Molham Aref, and Grigoris Karvounarakis) | ||
| + | * Dedalus: Datalog in Time and Space (Peter Alvaro, William R. Marczak, Neil Conway, Joseph M. Hellerstein, David Maier, and Russell Sears) | ||
| + | * Declarative Networking (Loo et al). For the distributed evaluation strategy. | ||
| + | * Parallel processing of recursive queries in distributed architectures (VLDB 1989) | ||
| + | * Evaluating recursive queries in distributed databases (IEEE trans knowledge and data engieneering, 1993) | ||
| **Deliverables**: | **Deliverables**: | ||
| Line 181: | Line 86: | ||
| * Experimental analysis of developped system on a number of use cases (document) | * Experimental analysis of developped system on a number of use cases (document) | ||
| - | \\ | + | **Interested?** |
| - | **Interested?** Contact : [[stijn.vansummeren@ulb.ac.be|Stijn Vansummeren]] | + | * Contact : [[stijn.vansummeren@ulb.ac.be|Stijn Vansummeren]] |
| **Status**: available | **Status**: available | ||
| - | ===== Design and Implementation of a Curriculum Revision Tool ===== | ||
| - | Stijn Vansummeren (WIT), Frédéric Robert (BEAMS) | ||
| - | This master thesis project concerns the analysis, design, and implementation of a software system that can assist in the revision of teaching curricula (also known as teaching programs). | + | =====Publishing and Using Spatio-temporal Data on the Semantic Web===== |
| - | The primary targetted functionalities of the software system are as follows: | ||
| - | * It should allow to make different versions of the teaching programs, much in the same way as version control systems like GIT and subversion offer the possibility to make different "development branches" of a program's source code. | + | [[http://www.w3c.org/|RDF]] is the [[http://www.w3c.org/|W3C]] proposed framework for representing information |
| - | * It should allow an extensible means to check the modified program for inconsistentcies. (For example, if course X has course Y as prerequisite, then course Y should not be scheduled in 2nd semester and X in 1st semester. Moreover, the total number of ECTS of all courses should be at most 60 ECTS. ) | + | in the Web. Basically, information in RDF is represented as a set of triples of the form (subject,predicate,object). RDF syntax is based on directed labeled graphs, where URIs are used as node labels and edge labels. The [[http://linkeddata.org/|Linked Open Data]] (LOD) initiative is aimed at extending the Web by means of publishing various open datasets as RDF, setting RDF links between data items from different data sources. Many companies and government agencies are moving towards publishing data following the LOD initiative. |
| - | * It should allow to analyze the modifications proposed in the teaching programs, and summarize the impact that these changes could have on other programs. (For example, if a course is removed from the computer science curriculum, it should be flagged that it should also be removed from all curricula that included the course.) | + | In order to do this, the original data must be transformed into Linked Open Data. Although most of these data are alphanumerical, most of the time they contained a spatial or spatio-temporal component, that must also be transformed. This can be exploited |
| - | * It should load data from (and preferably, save data to) the ULB central administration database. | + | by application providers, that can build attractive and useful applications, in particular, for devices like mobile phones, tablets, etc. |
| - | * It should give suggestions concerning the impact of the modifications on the course schedules. | + | |
| - | A proof-of-concept implementation of a revision tool that supports the first two requirements above is currently being developped in the context of a PROJH402 project. The MFE student that selects this topic is expected to: | + | The goals of this thesis are: (1) study the existing proposals for mapping spatio-temporal data into LOD; (2) apply this mapping to a real-world case study (as was the case for the [[http://www.oscb.be/|Open Semantic Cloud for Brussels]] project; (3) Based on the produced mapping, and using existing applications like the [[http://linkedgeodata.org/|Linked Geo Data project]], build applications that make use of LOD for example, to find out which cultural events are taking place at a given time at a given location. |
| - | * Develop this prototype to a production-ready implementation. | + | |
| - | * Implement the communication with the central ULB database. | + | |
| - | * Implement the impact analysis concerning the course schedules. | + | |
| - | * Interact with the administration of the Ecole Polytechnique to fine-tune the above requirements; test the implementation; and integrate remarks after testing | + | |
| - | \\ | + | * Contact: [[ezimanyi@ulb.ac.be|Esteban Zimányi]] |
| - | **Interested?** Contact : Stijn Vansummeren (stijn.vansummeren@ulb.ac.be), Frédéric Robert <frrobert@ulb.ac.be> | + | |
| + | =====Extending SPARQL for Spatio-temporal Data Support===== | ||
| - | **Status?** Already taken | + | [[http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/|SPARQL]] is the W3C standard language to query RDF data over the semantic web. Although syntactically similar to SQL, SPARQL is based on graph matching. In addition, SPARQL is aimed, basically, to query alphanumerical data. |
| + | Therefore, a proposal to extend SPARQL to support spatial data, called [[http://www.opengeospatial.org/projects/groups/geosparqlswg/|GeoSPARQL]], has been presented to the Open Geospatial Consortium. | ||
| + | |||
| + | In this thesis we propose to (1) perform an analysis of the current proposal for GeoSPARQL; (2) a study of current implementations of SPARQL that support spatial data; (3) implement simple extensions for SPARQL to support spatial data, and use these language in real-world use cases. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Contact: [[ezimanyi@ulb.ac.be|Esteban Zimányi]] | ||
| - | ===== Semi-Supervised Entity Resolution ===== | + | =====Efficient Management of (Sub-)structure Similarity Search Over Large Graph Databases. ===== |
| - | Toon Calders (WIT) | + | |
| - | In the big data era large collections of data have become available for analysis. These data, however, often come from different data sources and may contain errors. Consider for instance a company that wants to combine data from marketing and sales in order to see to what extent the targeted marketing campaign has been successful in attracting new customers. A key operation in this analysis is the identification of which records from marketing and sales refer to the same person. In this way it can be determined which targeted potential customers were already clients, and of the contacted non-clients, which ones reacted to the marketing campaign. Furthermore, most likely the records of marketing are far less reliable and formatted differently than those of sales. For instance, the marketing records won't usually contain a client number. The process of linking these sources together and identifying which records refer to the same person is know as entity resolution. Most existing approaches for entity resolution use either a fixed set of pre-determined rules, which may be sub-optimal for the problem at hand, or are based on learning classifiers which requires large amounts of labelled data. | + | The problem of (sub-)structure similarity search over graph data has recently drawn significant research interest due to its importance in many application areas such as in Bio-informatics, Chem-informatics, Social Network, Software Engineering, World Wide Web, Pattern Recognition, etc. Consider, for example, the area of drug design, efficient techniques are required to query and analyze huge data sets of chemical molecules thus shortening the discovery cycle in drug design and other scientific activities. |
| - | In this thesis you will study the possibility of entity-resolution in the absence of large collections of labelled data, by exploiting redundancies in the features with which records can be compared in combination with an active learning approach in which volunteers can be asked to label some examples on the fly. | + | Graph edit distance is widely accepted as a similarity measure of labeled graphs due to its ability to cope with any kind of graph structures and labeling schemes. Today, graph edit similarity plays a significant role in managing graph data , and is employed in a variety of analysis tasks such as graph classification and clustering, object recognition in computer vision, etc. |
| - | \\ | + | |
| - | **Interested?** Contact [[toon.calders@ulb.ac.be|Toon Calders]] | + | |
| + | In this master thesis project, due to the hardness of graph edit distance (computing graph edit distance is known to be NP-hard problem), the student will investigate the current approaches that deals with problem complexity while searching for similar (sub-)structures. At the end, the student should be able to empirically analyze and contrast some of the interesting approaches. | ||
| - | ===== Using Non-Redundant Sequential Pattern Mining for Process Discovery ===== | + | =====A Generic Similarity Measure For Symbolic Trajectories===== |
| - | Toon Calders (WIT) | + | Moving object databases (MOD) are database systems that can store and manage moving object data. A moving object is a value that changes over time. It can be spatial (e.g., a car driving on the road network), or non-spatial (e.g., the temperature in Brussels). Using a variety of sensors, the changing values of moving objects can be recorded in digital formats. A MOD, then, helps storing and querying such data. There are two types of MOD. The first is the trajectory database, that manages the history of movement. The second type, in contrast, manages the stream of current movement and the prediction of the near future. This thesis belongs to the first type (trajectory databases). The research in this area mainly goes around proposing data persistency models and query operations for trajectory data. |
| - | Process mining is the act of deriving a process model, such as for instance a Petri-net or a BPMN model, based on an event log. An example of such a log could be all events that an insurance company undertakes for pricing a car insurance based on a request from a client. Events could be looking up if the client has been blacklisted, his or her history w.r.t. car accidents, estimating the risk based on car type, age and gender of the requester, making a proposal, soliciting the agreement of the client, in case of disagreement, contacting a manager to approve a special offer, etc. Based on several traces for different clients may allow the automatic reconstruction of a process model. There exist several approaches for process mining, including footprint based algorithms such as Alpha, Alpha+, heuristic algorithms including heuristics miner, genetic algorithms, region based methods, etc. The goal of this thesis is to explore the possibility of using current state-of-the-art data mining algorithms for sequence and episode mining as a basis of a new and improved version of the alpha-algorithm. | + | A sub-topic of MOD is the study of semantic trajectories. It is motivated by the fact that the semantic of the movement is lost during the observation process. You GPS logger, for instance, would record a sequence of (lon, lat, time) that describe your trajectory. It won't, however, store the purpose of your trip (work, leisure, …), the transportation mode (car, bus, on foot, …), and other semantics of your trip. Research works have accordingly emerged to extract semantics from the trajectory raw data, and to provide database persistency to semantic trajectories. |
| - | Van der Aalst, W. M. (2011). Process Mining: Discovery, Conformance and Enhancement of Business Processes. Springer. | + | Recently, Ralf Güting et al. published a model called “symbolic trajectories”, which can be viewed as a representation of semantic trajectories: |
| + | Ralf Hartmut Güting, Fabio Valdés, and Maria Luisa Damiani. 2015. Symbolic Trajectories. ACM Trans. Spatial Algorithms Syst. 1, 2, Article 7 (July 2015), 51 pages. | ||
| + | A symbolic trajectory is a very simple structure composed of a sequence of pairs (time interval, label). So, it is a time dependent label, where every label can tell something about the semantics of the moving object during its associated time interval. We think this model is promising because of its simplicity and genericness. | ||
| + | The goal of this thesis is to implement a similarity operator for symbolic trajectories. There are three dimensions of similarity in symbolic trajectories: temporal similarity, value similarity, and semantic similarity. Such an operator should be flexible to express arbitrary combinations of them. It should accept a pair of semantic trajectories and return a numerical value that can be used for clustering or ranking objects based on their similarity. Symbolic trajectories are similar to time series, except that labels are annotated by time intervals, rather than time points. We think that the techniques of time series similarity can be adopted for symbolic trajectories. This thesis should assess that, and implement a similarity measure based on time series similarity. The implementation is required to be done as an extension to PostGIS. We have already implemented some temporal types and operations on top of PostGIS, where you can start from. | ||
| - | Interested? Contact [[toon.calders@ulb.ac.be|Toon Calders]] | + | |
| + | **Deliverables** of the master thesis project | ||
| + | * Reporting on the state of art of semantic trajectory similarity measures. | ||
| + | * Reporting on the state of art in time series similarity measures. | ||
| + | * Assessing the application of time series similarity to symbolic trajectories. | ||
| + | * Implementing symbolic trajectories on top of PostGIS. | ||
| + | * Implementation and evaluating the proposed symbolic trajectory similarity operator. | ||
| - | ===== Mining patterns for compression ===== | ||
| - | Toon Calders (WIT) | ||
| - | Data mining is the research discipline that studies the extraction of information from large amounts of data. One of the typical data mining tasks is pattern mining where we try to find regularities that occur frequently in a dataset. The prototypical example is that of a supermarket storing for every customer visiting the supermarket, the transaction; that is, the set of items that were bought by that customer. The frequent itemset mining problem now is to detect which combinations of products were more often sold together than a given threshold. One of the major problems of pattern mining algorithms, however, is the enormous amount of redundant patterns they generate; for instance, very popular items, such as toilet paper, tend to appear in many frequent combinations purely due to chance. In order to deal with this problem, techniques based upon compression and minimum description length were proposed to reduce the number of patterns. The rationale behind the minimal description length principle is that a set of patterns that describes well what is happening in the dataset should allow for a good compression. For a collection of patterns, the quality is measured as the description length of the patterns plus the size of the data compressed with these patterns. For instance, if the pattern {bread, milk, butter} has a high frequency, we could opt to replace every occurrence of this pattern by a special code, effectively reducing the encoding length of the data. Surprisingly, however, the MDL principle was until now only used to rule out redundant patterns, and it has not been researched yet how well the discovered patterns actually do compress the data as compared to compression algorithms such as Lempel–Ziv–Welch. | + | **Interested?** |
| - | Hence, in this highly research oriented graduation project, two research questions are central: (1) How good do non-redundant pattern sets based on MDL allow compressing data, and (2) Can we extract useful patterns from existing compression algorithms? | + | * Contact : [[ezimanyi@ulb.ac.be|Esteban Zimanyi]] |
| - | Interested? Contact [[toon.calders@ulb.ac.be|Toon Calders]] | + | **Status**: available |
| + | =====Assessing Existing Communication Protocols In The Context Of DAAS ===== | ||
| + | Data-as-a-Service (DAAS) is an emerging cloud model. The main offering of DaaS is to allow data producers/owners to publish data services on the cloud. The idea of publishing data via a service interface is not new. SOA protocols have enabled this long ago. Yet, these protocols were not developed with the cloud and the big data in mind. This is probably why the term DAAS has emerged. It marks the need for protocols and tools that enable big data exchange. | ||
| + | DAAS services need to exchange large amounts of data. Large here refers to large message size, large message count, or a combination of both. RESTful services, for instance, communicate over HTTP, which is not a good choice for communicating large messages/files. SOAP services are not bound to HTTP, but they introduce another overhead of requiring messages to be strictly formatted in XML. This is why researchers started to reconsider older protocols like the BitTorrent, and suggesting extension to existing protocols like the SOAP with Attachments. | ||
| - | =====Publishing and Using Spatio-temporal Data on the Semantic Web===== | + | The topic of this thesis is to perform a comprehensive survey on the protocols data exchange, and assess their suitability for DAAS. A quantitative comparison of protocols need to be done, considering at least these two dimensions: (1) the protocol: SOAP, REST, BitTorrent, etc, and (2) the message: short inline, long inline, file. The assessment should be in terms of reliability, performance, and security. |
| + | **Deliverables** of the master thesis project | ||
| + | * A report that reviews the state of art communication protocols. | ||
| + | * Propose a tool for DAAS developers to choose the best protocol/s based on their application needs. Such a tool might also provide means of automatically switching between protocols on certain thresholds. | ||
| + | * Experiments to assess the suitability of protocols for DAAS, and to compare between them. These experiments need to be repeatable, so that others can use them on their own datasets and configurations. | ||
| - | [[http://www.w3c.org/|RDF]] is the [[http://www.w3c.org/|W3C]] proposed framework for representing information | + | **Interested?** |
| - | in the Web. Basically, information in RDF is represented as a set of triples of the form (subject,predicate,object). RDF syntax is based on directed labeled graphs, where URIs are used as node labels and edge labels. The [[http://linkeddata.org/|Linked Open Data]] (LOD) initiative is aimed at extending the Web by means of publishing various open datasets as RDF, setting RDF links between data items from different data sources. Many companies and government agencies are moving towards publishing data following the LOD initiative. | + | * Contact : [[ezimanyi@ulb.ac.be|Esteban Zimanyi]] |
| - | In order to do this, the original data must be transformed into Linked Open Data. Although most of these data are alphanumerical, most of the time they contained a spatial or spatio-temporal component, that must also be transformed. This can be exploited | + | |
| - | by application providers, that can build attractive and useful applications, in particular, for devices like mobile phones, tablets, etc. | + | |
| - | The goals of this thesis are: (1) study the existing proposals for mapping spatio-temporal data into LOD; (2) apply this mapping to a real-world case study (as was the case for the [[http://www.oscb.be/|Open Semantic Cloud for Brussels]] project; (3) Based on the produced mapping, and using existing applications like the [[http://linkedgeodata.org/|Linked Geo Data project]], build applications that make use of LOD for example, to find out which cultural events are taking place at a given time at a given location. | + | **Status**: available |
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| - | * Contact: [[ezimanyi@ulb.ac.be|Esteban Zimányi]] | + | |
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| - | =====Extending SPARQL for Spatio-temporal Data Support===== | + | |
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| - | [[http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/|SPARQL]] is the W3C standard language to query RDF data over the semantic web. Although syntactically similar to SQL, SPARQL is based on graph matching. In addition, SPARQL is aimed, basically, to query alphanumerical data. | + | |
| - | Therefore, a proposal to extend SPARQL to support spatial data, called [[http://www.opengeospatial.org/projects/groups/geosparqlswg/|GeoSPARQL]], has been presented to the Open Geospatial Consortium. | + | |
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| - | In this thesis we propose to (1) perform an analysis of the current proposal for GeoSPARQL; (2) a study of current implementations of SPARQL that support spatial data; (3) implement simple extensions for SPARQL to support spatial data, and use these language in real-world use cases. | + | |
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| - | * Contact: [[ezimanyi@ulb.ac.be|Esteban Zimányi]] | + | |
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